關係子句功能為補充說明,稱為非限定子句。關係代名詞前要逗號,且不能用that取代who/which。
句型 |
例句 |
S, who/which ~ , + V ~ |
Put away the money, which can get stolen easily.
(把錢收好,它很容易被偷的。)
Jeff loves his only daughter, who is three years old now.
(傑夫很愛他的獨生女,而她現在三歲。) |
凡表達與事實不符合的假定、想像或許願時,稱為「假設語氣」;而在句子中動詞的時態須做適當的改變。
假設法動詞原則:
|
條件句中動詞形式 |
主要子句中動詞形式 |
與現在相反 |
were過去式動詞 |
would/should/could/might + Vr |
與過去相反 |
had + p.p. |
would/should/could/might + have + p.p. |
與未來相反—
1. 可能性大 |
現在簡單式 |
will/shall/can/may + Vr |
與未來相反—
2. 可能性小(萬一) |
should + Vr |
+ Vr |
與未來相反—
3. 不可能 |
were to Vr |
would/should/could/might + Vr |
條件 |
例句 |
與現在相反 |
If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
(如果我是你,我不會那麼做。) |
與過去相反 |
If he had arrived later, the accident wouldn’t have happened to him.
(如果他晚一點到的話,就不會碰到這種意外了。) |
與未來相反—
1. 可能性大 |
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the plan.
(如果明天下雨,我們會取消計畫。) |
與未來相反—
2. 可能性小(萬一) |
If he should get sick, we would have to do the job without him.
(萬一他生病了,我們可能得要靠自己做這工作。) |
與未來相反—
3. 不可能 |
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would/will marry you.
(如果太陽打西邊出來,我就嫁給你。) |
句型: |
whether + S + V + (or not) 是否~(當名詞子句)
= whether or not + S + V
= if + S + V → if 不可放句首
= whether to + Vr |
whether (or not) 和 if 都是「是否」,但句型及用法不同:
1. whether 可以和 or not 連用,而 if 不行。
2. whether 引導的子句可以當作介係詞後的受詞,而 if 不行。
3. whether 所引導的子句可以當主詞、受詞或主詞補語,可放於句首或句尾。而 if 子句只能當作受詞來用。
4. whether 引導的子句可以作名詞同位語,而 if 不行。
例句: |
I’m not sure whether/if I’ll go.(我不確定是否會去。)
= I’m not sure whether I’ll go or not.
= I’m not sure whether or not I’ll go.
= I’m not sure whether to go.
Whether I’ll go depends on whether it rains.
(我是否要去決定於是否下雨。) |
spend/take/cost 譯成中文都可翻譯為「花或花費」,但是用法卻各有不同。
1. sth. + take + sb. + 時間 做~事需花~時間
= It takes sb. + 時間+ to + Vr → It 為虛主詞,to Vr 為真正的主詞。
例句:It takes me 30 minutes to walk to school.(我走路去上學要花三十分鐘。)
2. sth. + cost + sb. + 金錢 某物花了某人多少錢
例句:This book cost me five hundred dollars. (這本書花了我五百元。)
3. It costs + 金錢 + to + Vr 某事物要價多少錢
例句:It costs me 30 dollars to take the MRT.(我搭捷運要花三十元。)
4. sb. + spend + 金錢/時間 +
某人花多少時間或金錢去做某事
例句: |
Tom spent two hours (in) studying English.
(湯姆花兩小時讀英文。)
Tom spent a lot of money on learning English.
(湯姆在學英文上花了很多錢。)
I spent one week finishing reading this novel.
= It took me one week to finish reading this novel.
= Finishing reading this novel took me one week.
(我花了一星期讀完這本小說。) |